Investigation and Comparison of Spatial–Temporal Characteristics of Farmland Fragmentation in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China, and Bavaria, Germany

Farmland fragmentation has emerged as the primary manifestation of global land use changes during last century. Following economic reform and opening up in China from 1980s, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region witnessed continuous farmland fragmentation. Understanding spatial–temporal dynamics is crucial for formulating sustainable management strategies. However, specific causes locations remain unclear, do potential significant differences or similarities across different countries. Given this quandary, study empirically analyzes characteristics two contexts: BTH Bavaria Germany. The utilizes multiple theoretical models temporal spatial fragmentation, applying comprehensive index method, landscape pattern analysis, magic cube model. results indicate that (FFI) value first increased remained stable, but afterwards, both decreased again. Moreover, analysis demonstrated high significance values FFI northern western southern Bavaria. There are, furthermore, macro landforms. mountain regions significantly higher than plains. Finally, also demonstrate a decreasing relates to overall low within an region. framework appears align with empirical results, thus provides reference future policy measures protect farmland.